世界航天发射运输的发展趋势

 针对世界航天发射运输系统，梳理了国内外发展现状和发展特点，综合对比了国内外航天发射场、运载火箭、火箭发动机的发展现状，并提出了未来发展趋势和展望。提出了低成本进入空间将改变世界航天发展的基本格局，航天远程跨域运输将突破航空领域运输效率的极限，指出了天地往返运输将成为维系空间环境的必然选择，轨道的多样性将催生多样态全域发射能力，同时传统液氧/煤油、液氢/液氧、液氧/甲烷等推进体制的主力运用领域将会迎来重大变革。     

自供电旋转轴系监测系统设计

针对旋转轴系监测系统中传感器相关电路需要外部电能输入的问题,设计了一种基于自供电轴系的监测系统.基于电磁感应原理设计自供电系统结构,给出理论模型,设计整流稳压电路,测试数据测量模块和无线传输模块.结果表明:在不同转速下,该旋转轴系监测系统可以在无须外界电能输入的情况下,将轴系参数发送至上位机.测试数据符合实际值,可以实现旋转轴系监测系统的自供电.     

基于目标高斯分布的定位系统节点最优部署方法

针对三维空间定位系统中目标位置服从高斯先验分布假设条件下节点最优部署问题, 分析了纯方位目标定位算法中估计误差的费希尔信息矩阵, 推导出基于目标先验分布的克拉美罗界(Cramer-Rao bound, CRB)。为了解决目标位置在任意高斯分布时, 协方差矩阵为非对角阵的问题, 提出了基于三维坐标旋转的最大后验概率估计方法, 将协方差矩阵转化为对角阵以实现最小化CRB的迹, 从而得到定位系统中节点的最优部署。最后, 通过梯度下降算法对节点最优部署问题的理论推导进行仿真, 验证了该部署方法的有效性，同时仿真结果中不同节点部署方法的对比也表明了该方法可有效降低定位误差。     

有限域上四次对角方程ax^4+by^4=c解的存在性

设Fq是特征为p的有限域,d为正整数.对任意的a,b∈F*q,c∈Fq方程.axd+byd=c在Fq上是否恒有解这一问题长期吸引着大量研究者的关注.当d=2时,Cauchy给出了肯定结论.当d=3时,Skolem证明,对任意的素数p≠7,方程.ax3+by3=c在Fq上恒有解;Singh证明,对任意的素数方幂q≠4,方程.ax3+by3=c在Fq上恒有解.本文研究d=4的情形,给出了该方程解的存在性,即当q≠5,9,13,17,25,29时,对任意的a,b∈F*q,c∈Fq,方程.ax4+by4=c在Fq上恒有解.     

Defining G protein-coupled receptor peptide ligand expressomes and signalomes in human and mouse islets

Introduction

Islets synthesise and secrete numerous peptides, some of which are known to be important regulators of islet function and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we quantified mRNAs encoding all peptide ligands of islet G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in isolated human and mouse islets and carried out in vitro islet hormone secretion studies to provide functional confirmation for the species-specific role of peptide YY (PYY) in mouse islets.

Materials and methods

GPCR peptide ligand mRNAs in human and mouse islets were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR relative to the reference genes ACTB, GAPDH, PPIA, TBP and TFRC. The pathways connecting GPCR peptide ligands with their receptors were identified by manual searches in the PubMed, IUPHAR and Ingenuity databases. Distribution of PYY protein in mouse and human islets was determined by immunohistochemistry. Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion from islets was measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results

We have quantified GPCR peptide ligand mRNA expression in human and mouse islets and created specific signalomes mapping the pathways by which islet peptide ligands regulate human and mouse GPCR signalling. We also identified species-specific islet expression of several GPCR ligands. In particular, PYY mRNA levels were ~ 40,000-fold higher in mouse than human islets, suggesting a more important role of locally secreted Pyy in mouse islets. This was confirmed by IHC and functional experiments measuring insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion.

Discussion

The detailed human and mouse islet GPCR peptide ligand atlases will allow accurate translation of mouse islet functional studies for the identification of GPCR/peptide signalling pathways relevant for human physiology, which may lead to novel treatment modalities of diabetes and metabolic disease.

     

Prion protein cleavage fragments regulate adult neural stem cell quiescence through redox modulation of mitochondrial fission and SOD2 expression

Neurogenesis continues in the post-developmental brain throughout life. The ability to stimulate the production of new neurones requires both quiescent and actively proliferating pools of neural stem cells (NSCs). Actively proliferating NSCs ensure that neurogenic demand can be met, whilst the quiescent pool makes certain NSC reserves do not become depleted. The processes preserving the NSC quiescent pool are only just beginning to be defined. Herein, we identify a switch between NSC proliferation and quiescence through changing intracellular redox signalling. We show that N-terminal post-translational cleavage products of the prion protein (PrP) induce a quiescent state, halting NSC cellular growth, migration, and neurite outgrowth. Quiescence is initiated by the PrP cleavage products through reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. First, inhibition of redox signalling results in increased mitochondrial fission, which rapidly signals quiescence. Thereafter, quiescence is maintained through downstream increases in the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase-2 that reduces mitochondrial superoxide. We further observe that PrP is predominantly cleaved in quiescent NSCs indicating a homeostatic role for this cascade. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of NSC quiescence, which potentially could influence brain health throughout adult life.     

Structural,compositional and mineralogical characterization of carbonatitic copper sulfide: Run of mine,concentrate and tailings

The aim of this study was to determine the structural, compositional, and mineralogical composition of carbonatitic copper sulfide concentrator plant streams. Three samples, each from a different stream(run of mine(ROM), concentrate, and tailings) of a copper concentrator were characterized using various techniques, including stereomicroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and optical microscopy. The results reveal that each stream possesses its own unique compositional features. Carbonate minerals associated with calcite and dolomite, followed by quartz, remain the major minerals in both the ROM and tails streams. In the ROM stream, chalcopyrite appears to occur as veins within the carbonatite-hosting ore body. Mineral phase mutation was discovered in the tails stream because magnetite formerly identified in the ROM as the primary iron oxide had evolved into hematite. This metamorphosis was likely promoted by the concentration process. The concentration process was effective, upgrading the chalcopyrite content from 2 wt% in the ROM stream to 58 wt% in the concentrate stream; it was accompanied by bornite(4 wt%), anilite(3 wt%), and digenite(2.5 wt%). In addition, the concentrate stream exhibited properties distinctive from those of the other streams. The FTIR analysis showed the existence of a sulfide group related to the chalcopyrite mineral. Free chalcopyrite grains were observed in the concentrate by SEM analysis, and their mineral presence was supported by the EDS analysis results. All characterization techniques corresponded well with each other regarding the structure, chemistry, and composition of the samples.     

Ti-1300钛合金挤压管材组织性能研究

通过室温拉伸测试和显微组织观察，研究了挤压温度和热处理工艺对Ti-1300钛合金挤压管材显微组织和力学性能的影响，讨论了热加工工艺、显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明：Ti-1300钛合金在两相区挤压后的横向组织均匀细小，纵向组织沿挤压加工流线破碎均匀；其拉伸强度高达1 445 MPa。管材在相变点以上的高温固溶组织主要由等轴β相晶粒组成，具有较好的塑性。合金两相区挤压后具有较好的强度和塑性的匹配，两相区挤压的塑性明显优于β单相区挤压，尤其面缩。试样经过固溶时效处理后显微组织明显细化，强度大幅度提高，可达1 300 MPa以上。